Rhetorical Analysis Of A Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift

A Modest Proposal† is an essay by Jonathan Swift that gives some type of a solution to the hunger problem in Ireland. Swift espouse an ironic approach that guarantee a surprise ending. At the beginning of the essay, he cornerstones his proposal that will be good for the public and diminish economic troubles. The proposal that Swift advances concerns the selling of poor Irish children to the rich, so that they could suffice as food. In addition, he points out that this will ease the pressures on the poor population as it will earn them sustenance. However, in the end of the essay, Swift adopts a pliable tone, which contrasts significantly with the one he uses at the beginning. This emanates from his indication that he is open to more†¦show more content†¦The poor in the country comprise of beggars and their children, and cottagers and laborers; if the government decides to provide for them, it will result in a serious debt spanning myriad years. Swift’s indicatio n that his proposal is rather cheap, innocent, effectual and easy to adopt is also an indication that the end of the story will be different from what the readers expect. Swift asserts that even the parents of the children who have developed to adolescence would have seconded his idea to solve the problems that they have faced trying to provide for them. In comparison to how the essay concludes, this is an indication that Swift (2007) was also speaking for himself as at the end of the essay he regrets not having children whom he could sell for benefit. The author is successful in his conviction at the end of the essay through offering several reasons for the adoption of his plan. Firstly, he indicates that before any other writers present their proposals concerning the matter, they should spare a moment and consider his ideas that are uniformly cheap, effectual, easy, and innocent. This observation by Swift is to lure opinionated readers to reconsider their position and try to reason in the same line as Swift. Secondly, Swift (2007) provides two reasons which, as he indicates, are the proof that his proposal is viable; they include the factShow MoreRelatedEssay on Rhetorical Analysis of a Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift639 Words   |  3 PagesJohnathan Swift wrote Modest Proposal with the idea to better humanity.. When you first read it you miss what the true message is. You think â€Å"Man this guy is a monster!† or â€Å"He’s sick!†, but once you reach the end the true meaning of the proposal hits you. Wh en Jonathan Swift wrote a Modest Proposal he tried to get his audience to see the problem by taking it and providing an unethical and inhumane solution then using rhetorical devices to bring out people’s emotions. 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What features best describe the â€Å"persona† he adopts? Give examples from the text. Jonathan Swift wants the readers to view him as a pragmatic and heartless realist who has found a solution to a serious issue. Swift used sophisticated diction to list seemingly sensible reasons as to why his horrifyingRead MoreA Good Fat Child1774 Words   |  8 PagesIrish economy a much needed boost, while making it easier for England to deal with its unruly Irish subjects. Swift uses this outrageous concept of selling children as food to deliver a message. One of the most impacting satirical methods Swift utilizes is the statistical analysis he provides in an effort to enhance his satire. Swift goes on to offer statistical support for his proposal and specific data about the number of children to be sold, their weight and price- â€Å"I have reckoned upon a mediumRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of A Modest Proposal 1863 Words   |  8 PagesRhetorical Analysis: A Modest Proposal In â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† Jonathan Swift provides a satirical exploration of the attitudes of the wealthy people towards the underprivileged and poor children in the society. Laymen and intellectuals during the late seventeenth century distributed political pamphlets containing different ideas throughout Ireland. In his essay, Swift utilizes some of the overlooked pamphlets during this period and develops an ironic proposal. As a colony of the British, IrelandRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesplease visit: http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-silentspring/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2007 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Premium Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory IIi - 1875 Words

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III (MCMI-III) was first presented in 1994 during a meeting of the American Psychological Association (Retziaff, 1996). This edition of the assessment along with the MCMI and the MCMI-II editions were developed by Theodore Millon, his daughter C. Millon and colleagues R. Davis and S. Grossman. However, the first edition (the MCMI) was developed in the late 1970s as it used the criteria on different disorders from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). Since then, two other editions have been published by NCS Pearson Inc., one in 1987 which used the DSM-R, and the current edition of the assessment, the MCMI-III was published in 1994 which uses the criteria established by†¦show more content†¦(n.d.). In the second phase, the administrator will â€Å"determine the presence of Axis I or Axis II disorders† (Millon ® Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III. (n.d.). Meanwhile, in the third phase the administr ator will â€Å"identify the pervasive personality characteristics of an individual† (Pearson 2015), lastly, in the last phase, the administrator’s main focus or goal is to â€Å"gain an integrated understanding of the relationship between personality characteristics and clinical syndromes† (Millon ® Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III. (n.d.). Uses According to Retzlarff, (1996) there are several potential uses for the MCMI-III. In his article MCMI-III Diagnostic Validity: Bad test or bad validity study, Retzlarff described one of the uses as â€Å"attempts to predict the dichotomous presence or absence of a clinical disorder through the use of base rate scores†. Even though Millon constructed this assessment to evaluate and individuals’ personality, it has been known to facilitate in many different scenarios in which a psychological evaluation or consultation is needed. Some of the scenarios as described by the original manual include forensic settings, neuropsychology, substance abuse, PTSD, correctional settings, marital counseling, treatment planning, and psychotherapy (Millon, 1997). Characteristics of examinees Furthermore, when it comes to the administration of a psychological test, it is important to provide specific

Concepts of Sustainability and Environment

Question: Discuss about the Concepts of Sustainability and Environment. Answer: Introduction The concept of sustainability and environment is not new in todays society. Sustainability is the ability to endure. As such, the concepts of sustainability and environment of the human ways of life refers to the ability of the environment to endure those ways of life. It is an obvious fact that the global population is in a consistent increase especially now that technology developments have reduced mortality rates and increased the average life span of humans. In line with this context, the idea of urban planning and policy has been to create and assist in the definition of a location within an urban environment. In so doing, urban policy can influence the decisions to craft and construct urban sites through the spatial construct mechanism and a manipulation of the existent activities within the space. The contemporary urban policy has to provide advanced mechanisms that allow individuals, policymakers and planners to fully explore the possible ways of planning and developing commu nities capable of meeting the long-term needs of people and those of the environment within the human society (Wheeler, and Beatley, 2014). This is what is known as the idea to deliver sustainable cities- that is, an urban environment that is capable of providing todays resources without compromising the availability of resources for future generations (WCED1987 in Williams, 2013). Achieving the idea of sustainable cities in urban policy and planning developments is a complex endeavour. The idea of sustainability consists of a wide variety of interrelated issues that are challenging to the ingrained beliefs concerning the interaction between governance, nature and cultures (Spaargaren, 2011). As such this study reviews Ebenezer Howards Garden City vision of an ideal city in his book Garden Cities of To-morrow which looks at how sustainable urban policy can be achieved. Howards work remains an important reference tool for modern policy decisions. However, the compact design is in critic of Howards ideas and is representation of modern ideas to sustainable urban policy and planning. Still, Howard is revolutionary icon whose utopia in urban planning is still evident in many of the worlds cities. Discussion Though Howard pioneered modern urban development planning contemporary urban policy continues to shift more compact approach. Garden Cities of Tomorrow Ebenezer Howard developed the Garden Cities of Tomorrow in 1898. Therefore, the idea of sustainable urban policy and planning is not a new concept; however, it still attracts growing importance in contemporary societies the world over. This is because Howards work is one of the most visionary and influential exploration of urban planning. The vision of Garden Cities detailed an approach to address the issues of the industrial city in fashion that had no prior execution before it. This work was so influential that it inspired the construction of eleven satellite cities around London through the British New Town Programme and two garden cities, Welwyn and Letchworth, in the early years of the twentieth century (Wheeler, and Beatley, 2014). Howards book was revolutionary as a breakthrough in the planning of urban settings, as it delivered the earliest record of ideas attempting to balance rural and urban developments. This vision can be utilized in evaluation of modern urban policy atte mpting to develop sustainable cities on a global scale (Wheeler, and Beatley, 2014). Garden City Origins A rapid growth in urban areas was being experienced as a result of the industrial revolution, posing major problems to British country planners. With the overwhelming movement of people to urban areas in search of employment, the urban population grew fast and resources were strained. City resources like housing and infrastructure quickly became unsanitary, polluted and expensive because of overcrowding. At the same time, there was a decline in wages for the farming community hindering developments in rural areas. These circumstances led to an uncontrollable migration of people from rural to urban areas, leaving many to question their decisions on whether to live in isolated rural areas or to move to a city (Hall, 2014). Consequently, the industrial cities of the nineteenth century continued to be congested and polluted with unplanned slum areas of impoverished proletariat (Culpin, 2015). This fashion continued to characterize British urban areas changing the face of its landscape. Contemporary Urban Growth Patterns Growth patterns seen during the industrial revolution are today mirrored in developing countries that are continuously emerging on global markets. There has been more than a double increment in the global population since 1950 and the United Nations Population Division indicates that approximately two-thirds of the total human population will be living in urban areas by 2030 (LeGates, and Stout, 2015; Heilig, 2012). These growth patterns are very similar to those of the industrial revolution and similar problems in urban policy can be expected with continued straining on urban resources. Developing countries are already showing similar symptoms with the observed growth of slums (Kabisch, and Haase, 2011). Slum areas are typically characterized by the common lack of basic services, overcrowding, unsafe living environments, and poor sanitation. Therefore, it is necessary that urban policy consider alternatives to turn observed urban growth patterns into plans that can become sustainabl e environments while ensuring that the needs of the society are met. Sustainability of the Garden City Design Garden cities have been identified as appropriate examples of sustainable urban developments with vital lessons for contemporary urban planning and policy. For a city to be termed a sustainable urban environment, its structure must be able to create an environment thats friendly and resourceful in terms of form, energy efficiency and general life activities (Goldewijk, Beusen, and Janssen, 2010). More, sustainable urban environments need to achieve aspiration concerns of retaining a buffer stock of its basic resource within regenerative capacity (Ignatieva, Stewart, and Meurk, 2011). In line with this findings, Hartig et al. (2015) reports that sustainable urban principles should entail: acknowledgement of the idea of environmental thresholds; develop social justice and equity; forming inclusive decision making approaches. Howard was able to see the intense overcrowding during industrial revolution, and the problems that came with it such as pollution, sanitation, public health, and services. His concept of Garden Cities was responding to this, planning communities to ease the congestion in the city and the declining numbers in the rural areas. Together with the various founders, Garden City was an effort at creating a modern day utopia in urban planning (Echenique et al., 2012). Evaluating Howards design in relation to contemporary urban policy design reveals the origin of the idea of sustainability. His idea includes a wide space of green areas-for agriculture as well as recreation practices. These green areas are advantageous in terms of social advantage and carbon sinks in the journey towards sustainable urban planning. Sustainable Development in Contemporary Urban Environment Modern sustainable development aims at public policy and urban planning. Until the 1970s, modern city plans and designs focused on future developments. Focus was on fresh start- new cities built in a manner free of the provincialism and commotions of the nineteenth century cities associated with Howards Garden City development (Ahern, 2011). The characteristic of Garden Cities was a pattern of spatial zoning with different land uses being given to different areas (see figure 1). However, current patterns of urban planning seem to be shifting away from this approach since it has been considered that the new compact city idea is a better way of creating a more sustainable urban plan. Compact city suggests the use of high density wholly integrated mixed-use urban forms. The preference of this urban form by many planners can be attributed to the perceived pros of mixed-use planning like commuter distances reduction and the associated impact of reduced emissions, conservation of the green belts, more efficient provision and use of public infrastructure, as well as the rejuvenation and revitalization of inner urban areas (Dempsey, et al., 2011). Essentially, more and more urban planners create and adopt mixed-use developments so as to achieve sustainable economic stability and improve the vibrancy and vitality of areas that would probably not be achieved through spatial development. Figure 1: Garden Cities pattern of spatial zoning Evaluating this approach against the Garden City idea reveals several advantages. First, the brownfield development is better utilized through the preservation and protection of Greenfield locations from associated urban development threats. Because of the increased need for urban policy to employee a sustainable approach, brownfield sites have continued to be important strategic targets for the achievement of housing needs and development across urban regions through the reuse of lands previously developed. The Planning and Policy Guidance Note 3 (2010) further emphasized these, advocating for planners to build 60% of new housings on brownfield locations (Spaargaren, 2011). New communities developed on Greenfield are lesser concern to the long-term environmental effects. The effects of land loss to urban development are typically not thoroughly developed into the cost of the natural environment. However, the idea of urban forms is more than simply the density and green/brown choices - the main concern is on spatial forms of human activities (Berardi, 2013). Future Urban Policies Howard designed the Garden City structure in a pragmatic and cautious manner that appeared reasonable to the common citizen (Hall, and Pfeiffer, 2013). Even though Howards approach to balance rural and urban development is still widely important to the development of sustainable communities, developed countries seem to have taken a shift. Rather than the intense dense city of the nineteenth century characterized by a shortage of decent housing, basic sanitation, and clean water, there are now relatively low density cities with suburbs that are heavily dependent on automobiles, infrastructure and quality housing but with a lot more other problems (Barthel, and Isendahl, 2013). The pragmatic application of the Garden City in developing countries needs to put to question since Howards settlements were basically designed for development of extremely low density housing. Howard cites in his work that the ideal population size for the garden City is 32,000 people on a 6,000 acres site of t he cheap rural lands. This land would be divided into 1,000 acres for the city surrounded by 5,000 acres of farmland (green-belt) (Li, et al., 2012). Clearly, this figures are not sustainable in modern times within, still many dont take note of Howards social cities vision of a multi-centred Garden City with green space. Figure 2 shows the illustration to this approach for a 58,000 central town surrounded by six garden cities around its perimeter, each with a population of 32,000 (19). Figure2: Design of the Garden Cities Conclusion The experiments of the British Garden City were largely influential policy-expression during the industrial revolution era, concerning the immediate problem of large cities (Spaargaren, 2011). The growth of highly populated and unsanitary urban environments was a great concern to urban planners who sank themselves into developing alternatives to make urban development sustainable. This revolutionary idea put Ebenezer Howard on the map of sustainability and environment. Howard envisioned Garden Cities that were humane, social and surrounded by farmlands, thereby developing an idea with a new balance between the natural environment and the cities. Utopian or visionary writings of this nature give more than just help in the expansion of the framework of probable ideas for a generation of urban planners. Though literatures tend to be scornful of idealism of every nature, it has often proved to be vitally influential and successful (Wheeler, and Beatley, 2014). Howards ideas on Garden Cit ies were so successful that he actually witnessed several of this cities built before his demise. Though his ideas were not practical beyond his vision, his ideas on the development of sustainable communities are to be considered the foundation of modern urban policy and planning. Howards vision might have failed to materialise as a whole but influenced the development of modern cities, and the twentieth century city life (LeGates, and Stout, 2015). This study recommends that further studies should be conducted to establish a way to integrate the Garden City model in the modern context as it could go a long way to assisting policy makers achieve sustainability goals. Recommendations The study is in agreement with LeGates, and Stout (2015), that Howards ideas are of paramount importance in urban planning. Therefore, contemporary urban planners need to consider Howards visions in urban policy for city developments. As such, further studies need to be done to integrate modern ideas of compact urban policy with Ebenezer Howards ideas for a more sustainable development. References Ahern, J. (2011). From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(4), 341-343. Barthel, S., Isendahl, C. (2013). Urban gardens, agriculture, and water management: Sources of resilience for long-term food security in cities. Ecological Economics, 86, 224-234. Berardi, U. (2013). Clarifying the new interpretations of the concept of sustainable building. Sustainable Cities and Society, 8, 72-78. Culpin, E. G. (2015). The Garden city movement up-to-date. Routledge. Dempsey, N., Bramley, G., Power, S., Brown, C. (2011). The social dimension of sustainable development: Defining urban social sustainability. Sustainable development, 19(5), 289-300. Echenique, M. H., Hargreaves, A. J., Mitchell, G., Namdeo, A. (2012). Growing cities sustainably: does urban form really matter?. Journal of the American Planning Association, 78(2), 121-137. Goldewijk, K. K., Beusen, A., Janssen, P. (2010). Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way: HYDE 3.1. The Holocene. Hall, P. (2014). Cities of tomorrow: An intellectual history of urban planning and design since 1880. John Wiley Sons. Hall, P., Pfeiffer, U. (2013). Urban future 21: a global agenda for twenty-first century cities. Routledge. Hartig, T., van den Berg, A. E., Hagerhall, C. M., Tomalak, M., Bauer, N., Hansmann, R., ... Bell, S. (2011). Health benefits of nature experience: Psychological, social and cultural processes. In Forests, trees and human health (pp. 127-168). Springer Netherlands. Heilig, G. K. (2012). World urbanization prospects the 2011 revision. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section, New York. Ignatieva, M., Stewart, G. H., Meurk, C. (2011). Planning and design of ecological networks in urban areas. Landscape and ecological engineering, 7(1), 17-25. Kabisch, N., Haase, D. (2011). Diversifying European agglomerations: evidence of urban population trends for the 21st century. Population, space and place, 17(3), 236-253. LeGates, R. T., Stout, F. (Eds.). (2015). The city reader. Routledge. Li, Y., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Shi, Y., Zhu, X. (2012). Investigation of a coupling model of coordination between urbanization and the environment. Journal of Environmental Management, 98, 127-133. Planning and Policy Guidance Note 3 (2010) Spaargaren, G. (2011). Theories of practices: Agency, technology, and culture: Exploring the relevance of practice theories for the governance of sustainable consumption practices in the new world-order. Global Environmental Change, 21(3), 813-822. Wheeler, S. M., Beatley, T. (2014). Sustainable Urban Development Reader. Routledge.

Master Harold Differing Influences On Fugard Essays -

Master Harold: Differing Influences on Fugard Athol Fugard's drama, "Master Harold" . . . And The Boys, was written during a time of great conflict in South Africa, where he was raised. Fugard was torn between his mother, who was "Afrikaaner," (1291) and his father, who was "of English decent" (1291). These differing influences caused Fugard to use the discussions between Sam and Hally to demonstrate the religious, racial, and political tensions of his lifetime in South Africa. The discussion between Sam and Hally about who was "a man of magnitude" (1300) represents the religious tensions of Fugard's lifetime in South Africa between the growing belief in evolution and Jesus Christ's teaching of Creation. Hally says that Charles Darwin was "a man of magnitude," (1300) because he was "somebody who benefited all mankind" (1301). He admires Darwin "for his Theory of Evolution" (1301), which according to Hally, proves "where we come from and what it all means" (1301). Sam totally disagrees with Darwin's "Theory of Evolution" (1301) because evolution is in contrast to the Bible's teaching on Creationism, and he says that just because it is in a book it "does not mean [he's] got to believe it" (1301). Sam believes that "Jesus Christ" (1302) was "a man of magnitude" (1300). Hally is obviously against Sam's suggestion of Jesus Christ, because Hally makes it clear that he is "an atheist" (1303). This disagreement between Sam and Hally is really just an example of the religious tensions in South Africa during Fugard's lifetime between the "Theory of Evolution," (1301) which was becoming more accepted, and Christianity, which was taught by Jesus Christ. A second discussion between Sam and Hally that occurs after Hally learns that his father has gone home demonstrates the racial tensions of Fugard's lifetime in South Africa. When Sam starts lecturing Hally about how he treats his father, Hally becomes angry and tells Sam that he is "treading on dangerous ground" (1321). Hally also tells Sam that his "mother is right"(1322) about "warning [him] about allowing you to get to familiar" (1322). The climax of the argument is when Hally tells Sam that he is "only a servant" (1322). This is the first noticeable statement that Hally makes that demonstrates the racial tensions experienced in South Africa. The next racial statement Hally makes is when he tells Sam that his father is his boss because "he's a white man and that's good enough for [him]" (1322). Hally then takes things even further by commanding Sam to "start calling [him] Master Harold" (1323). Hally tells Sam that if he doesn't follow this command that he "might just lose [his] job" (1323). Hally really makes matters worse when he tells Sam his father's favorite joke. His father would ask Hally, "It's not fair, is it, Hally" (1323)? Then Hally would ask, "What, chum" (1323)? Then his father would say, "A nigger's arse" (1323). Another example of the racial tensions during the argument is made when Sam points out that when Hally's father got drunk at a bar, that Hally had to go "in first . . . to ask permission" (1325) for Sam to be able to go in to get his father. A final and the most noticeable example of the racial tensions in South Africa is made by Sam when he informs Hally about the reason why he didn't stay with him the day they flew the kite. Sam tells Hally that the bench he had sat on was a "Whites Only" (1325) bench and Sam wasn't allowed to sit on it. All of these examples are used to represent the racial tensions that were present in Fugard's lifetime in South Africa. The final discussion between Sam and Hally about their experiences during the day and the dance championship that Sam and Willie are going to participate in demonstrates the political tensions in the world during Fugard's lifetime. Sam points out to Hally that people are "bumping into each other all the time" (1317) and nobody "knows the steps and there's no music playing" (1317). Sam said, "I've bumped into Willie, the two of us have bumped into you, you've bumped into your mother, she bumping into your Dad_(1317). Sam is using their experiences that day to represent how countries are in constant conflict. He points out to Hally that "America has bumped into Russia, England is bumping into India, rich man bumps into poor man" (1317). Sam says that at the dance, they're "going to see six couples get it right, the way we want life to be" (1317-1318). Sam uses the dance to represent the hope that was held